Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist

The first hollow stem stage indicates the beginning of stem elongation or just before the jointing stage. It is a good indicator of when producers should remove cattle from wheat pasture. This occurs when there is 1.5 cm (5/8”, or the diameter of a dime) of hollow stem below the developing grain head (see full explanation). 

The latest FHS results from OSU forage trials in Stillwater (Table 1) and Chickasha (Table 2) are listed below. For an additional resource and wheat update on FHS, see the Mesonet First Hollow Stem Advisor. 

OSU Small Grains Program monitors FHS occurrence on a twice-per-week basis

As in previous years, we will continue monitoring FHS occurrence in our wheat plots at Stillwater and Chickasha and share updates on this blog. In past years, our forage trials—where FHS samples are collected—were seeded early to simulate a grazed system, though forage was not removed. This method created an accelerated growth environment, allowing us to identify the earliest onset of FHS. Varieties that reach FHS earliest in these trials should be closely monitored in commercial fields.

This year, we are introducing a new approach by simulating grazing with a mower in the forage trial in Stillwater. This will allow us to compare whether varieties reach FHS at different times when grazed versus non-grazed. We hypothesize that the simulated grazing treatment will likely delay FHS relative to the non-grazed treatment, with FHS differences among varieties becoming less pronounced. We also hypothesize that the amount of delay will vary among varieties, such that an early-FHS variety in the non-grazed environment may appear more intermediate in its FHS arrival with canopy removal. This comparison will provide insight into how canopy removal from grazing impacts the timing of reproductive development.

The latest FHS results for each variety planted in our forage trials at Stillwater and Chickasha are summarized below (Tables 1 and 2). Some varieties have reached the FHS threshold.

Table 1. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Stillwater. Plots were planted on 10/11/24, with one section left unclipped and the other clipped to simulate grazing. The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red. For the simulated grazing, plots were mowed on January 3rd, 15th, 28th, February 10th, and March 6th at a 2.5-3” cutting height, with the frequency representing a light grazing treatment.

Table 2. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Chickasha. Plots were planted on 10/02/24, with all sections left unclipped (i.e., not grazed). The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red.

Contact your local Extension office and us if you have questions. 

Additional resources available:

• PSS-2147 First Hollow Stem: A Critical Wheat Growth Stage for Dual-Purpose Producers
• Fall Forage Production and First Hollow Stem Date for Wheat Varieties During the 2022-2023 Crop Year
• Mesonet First Hollow Stem Advisor

Acknowledgments: 

Tyler Lynch, Senior Agriculturalist

Israel Molina Cyrineu, Graduate Research Assistant

Gilmar Machado, Visiting scholar

Rafael Moreira, Visiting scholar

Kenderson Reis, Visiting scholar

Francisco Arana, Visiting scholar

Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist

In recent years, we have received numerous questions about the potential yield losses associated with planting wheat later in the fall. Farmers often ask if variety selection or management practices, like adjusting seeding rates, should change when planting is delayed.

As weather patterns become more unpredictable, with fall droughts and floods causing planting delays, this topic has become even more critical. Additionally, the late harvest of summer crops like soybeans and cotton in double-cropping systems further pushes wheat planting into late fall. The rise of herbicide-resistant weeds has also led farmers to delay planting as they work to control late-fall emerging weeds culturally.

Recognizing these challenges, our program has focused on studying wheat performance under late planting conditions. We aim to:

1. Estimate potential yield penalties and understand the factors contributing to them when planting is delayed from October to December in north central Oklahoma.
2. Evaluate variety performance under late planting, particularly focusing on varieties with different maturity ranges.
3. Determine the need to adjust seeding rates as planting is delayed.

From 2021 to 2023, we conducted a study in Stillwater and Lahoma to evaluate how delaying planting dates from October to December would affect wheat performance (Figure 1). We tested two seeding rates, and nine winter wheat varieties adapted to Oklahoma, including a short-season variety covering a range of maturity classes (Table 1). The standard seeding rate of 870,000 seeds per acre reflects the average rate used in Oklahoma, equivalent to about 60 lbs/acre for wheat with an average seed size of 14,500 seeds per pound. To compensate for the approximately 40-day delay in planting between the October and December treatments, we increased the seeding rate by about 60%.

Table 1. Information of historical maturity patterns of all varieties tested in this study at early-fall planting date.

Based on the data from this study, surprisingly, late-fall planting yields (79 bu/ac) exceeded early-fall planting yields (54 bu/ac) in four of six site-years, or by 5 bu/ac averaged across all site-years (Figure 2).

Does delayed planting affect wheat development?

In our trials, late-fall planting was delayed by 41 days compared to early-fall planting. Wheat varieties planted later reached heading and maturity five days later than when planted earlier.

Late-fall planting reduced the period from planting to jointing by 28 days. The critical period from jointing to heading, which is vital for yield formation, was shortened by only seven days. The grain-filling period was shortened by only two days compared to early planting. Interestingly, varieties that reached jointing, heading, and maturity early at early-fall planting did so when planted late. For example, the variety Butler’s Gold reached jointing, heading, and maturity earlier than the other varieties in late-fall planting. Baker’s Ann followed closely, reaching these stages within the same day or up to three days later, while Bob Dole reached jointing and heading five days later and maturity six days later than Butler’s Gold.

Do wheat varieties perform similarly when planted late in the fall?

In our trials across multiple sites and seeding rates, Bob Dole was the top-yielding variety, producing 73 bu/ac in late-fall planting. However, its yield was not statistically higher than most other varieties tested, except for Butler’s Gold, which yielded 62 bu/ac (Figure 4). Varieties that performed well tended to accumulate more biomass by harvest and produced more grains per unit area (Figure 5).

A key observation was the trade-off between biomass production and maturity. Early maturing varieties like Butler’s Gold and Baker’s Ann had the lowest biomass production when planted late. This suggests that developing early maturing varieties with the ability to accumulate more biomass could improve their adaptability to late planting conditions. Further, the short-season variety Butler’s Gold had greater grain weight and above average grain protein concentration than the other varieties tested (Figure 5).

Does seeding rate need to be adjusted for delayed wheat planting?

Our trials showed that increasing seeding rate did not result in a yield increase at late-fall planting across all varieties and site-years (Figure 6). Although the seeding rate affected some yield components, it did not translate into higher yields. The higher seeding rate increased the number of wheat heads per unit area but reduced the number of grains per head compared to the recommended seeding rate (data not shown). As a result, the total grain number per unit area — and ultimately the yield — remained the same for both seeding rates. Thus, our results suggest that increasing the seeding rate in late planting may not provide a yield advantage.

Take home
• Late planted wheat in Oklahoma showed no consistent yield loss compared to early-fall planting
• While the designated short-season variety, Butler’s Gold, did not outperform the other varieties at late sowing, its true value in a late-planted management system is derived from its one-week earlier harvest maturity. It also showed good end-use quality characteristics with heavier grain and above-average grain protein concentration than the other varieties .
• Varieties with better biomass production and grain number performed better with late sowing.
• Though this may defy logic, farmers do not need to increase seeding rate when facing the need to sow late, based on our results thus far.

Contributors:
Israel Molina Cyrineu, PhD student
Brett Carver, OSU Wheat Breeder
Tyler Lynch, Senior Agriculturalist for the Small Grains Extension Program

This research has been partially supported by OSU Wheat Research Foundation and Oklahoma Wheat Commission

By: The Oklahoma Wheat Commission

Wheat harvest is pretty-well wrapped up in all areas of the state but producers in the Panhandle still have had challenges on getting the irrigated wheat crop out as they have had more rains over the weekend that hindered them.  It is thought that 35% to 40% of the crop within this region remains to be harvested.  Test weights have dropped on the irrigated wheat from previous rain events, but overall statewide averages still look favorable.  This will be the last harvest report of the season as the Oklahoma Wheat Commission is calling the state 97% complete with harvest.

General Report  At the time of reporting today, test weights across the state were ranging from 56 to 64 lbs. per bushel, with lighter test weights in the Panhandle region due to the heavy rains over the past couple weeks. Statewide averages for test weights ranging from 60lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel.  Proteins ranging from 9% to 13.5% with an overall average of proteins being at 11.8% as of today.  Yields being reported at 40 to 50 bushels per acre in most regions.  Higher yields being reported on intensively managed wheat with some yields on a few fields being reported in the mid 60’s to low 80’s. Irrigated wheat in the Panhandle reported to be making 75 to 85 bushels per acre, with some higher yields noted in a few places.  This will be the last harvest report of the season published by the Oklahoma Wheat Commission.

Statewide average numbers for Oklahoma

Statewide test weight average 60 lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel

Statewide protein average 11.8%

Statewide yield average 40 to 45 bushels per acre

Below see the Tuesday evening Thunderstorm potential and rain chances for the Panhandle over the Independence Day weekend.