Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist
Soil moisture conditions are currently favorable for wheat planting across much of Oklahoma. Many of you may be eager to get seed in the ground, but before moving ahead, it is important to consider a few key points.
Planting date
For dual-purpose wheat (grazing + grain), the optimal planting window in most of Oklahoma is mid-September (Figure 1). Planting during this period provides the best balance between fall forage production and maintaining grain yield potential.
Early planting may increase fall forage production but also raises the risk of pests and diseases. It’s usually only recommended for wheat intended for graze-out or dual-purpose.
Grain-only wheat should generally be planted about 3-4 weeks later (mid-October, Figure 1) in many parts of the state. Our recent work shows there is more flexibility than we thought, and planting a little later can still work well depending on the weather.
Figure 1. Forage and grain yield potential in relation to the day of the year. Every 1,000 kg/ha is equal to approximately 900 lb/acre or 15 bu/acre. Ideal planting dates for dual-purpose wheat in Oklahoma are mid-September (i.e., approximately day 260). Planting for grain-only should occur at least 3-4 weeks after dual-purpose planting (i.e., mid-October or approximately day 285).
Watch for Fall Armyworms
Planting too early increases the chance of fall armyworm infestations. These pests are small and easy to miss, but you might notice “window-pane” feeding on leaves (Figure 2). Check beneath crop residue as well, since they often hide there during the heat of the day (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Symptom of “window paned” leaves shows severe feeding from the fall armyworm. Photo taken on October 2, 2019, at Canadian County by Amanda Silva.
Figure 3. Fall armyworms may be found under crop residue during the day. Photo taken on October 2, 2019 at Canadian County by Amanda Silva.
Volunteer wheat and Virus Risk
Early planting also raises the risk of wheat streak mosaic and Triticum mosaic viruses, spread by the wheat curl mite. Because seed treatments do not control these viruses and few varieties have strong resistance (i.e., Breakthrough), cultural practices are critical:
Control volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts as much as possible.
Ensure volunteer wheat is completely dead for at least two weeks before planting. This breaks the “green bridge” that mites use to move into new seedlings.
Planting a little later can also help lower virus pressure.
We saw significant wheat streak mosaic issues last year, making these steps especially important in 2025.
Other Planting Considerations
Before planting:
Soil test to guide fertility needs and reduce input costs.
Use high-quality seed to promote good germination and stand establishment.
Consider fungicide and insecticide seed treatments to protect against soilborne diseases and early pest pressure such as root rots.
Need More Information?
Your county OSU Extension office is a great resource for information. You can also reach out directly to us:
Oklahoma wheat harvest had several locations in Southwest and Central Oklahoma taking small amounts of grain as producers were trying to get into fields on Saturday and Sunday. All locations were getting late starts due to high humidity and producers fighting mud from rains off and on over the past week. Producers are hoping to get back into the fields this afternoon.
**Test weights reported at all locations ranging from 58 lbs. to 64 lbs. per bushel, most of the wheat is still coming in at 60 lbs. per bushel or higher. Yields are being reported from the mid 30’s to mid 40’s for the most part. Producers with management intensive plans have been reporting yields in the mid 50’s to mid 60’s. Protein on early cuttings reported from 10.8% to 11.5%. Most locations reporting an 11% average.
Southwest and Western Oklahoma
Tipton-Test weights on early cuttings ranging from 60 lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel. Yields on early cuttings ranging from mid 30’s to mid 40’s. Some management intensive wheat making in the mid 60’s. These are on early cuttings, moisture has been a challenge with producers getting early starts.
Frederick/Davidson– Test weights on early cuttings reported from 58 lbs. to 63 lbs. per bushel. Yields on early cuttings are decent with reports in the mid 30’s to mid 40’s. Early proteins reported at 11.0% to 11.2%.
Altus/ Roosevelt/Lone Wolf– Test weights on early loads ranging from 60 lbs. to 64 lbs. per bushel. Yields being reported in the mid 30’s to mid 40’s, with some intensively managed wheat reported to be making in the low to mid 50’s.
Sentinel-Test weights on early cuttings reported at 61 lbs. to 63 lbs. per bushel. Yields on early cuttings being reported in the mid 40’s. Protein ranging from 10.8% to 11.2%.
Rocky- No wheat had been taken in at this location over the weekend. Producers hoping to get into the fields later this afternoon or tomorrow.
Central Oklahoma
Greenfield-A couple loads were taken in over the weekend. Test weight was 58.5 lbs. per bushel. Yields not reported. Protein not reported. Moisture on this cutting was 13.2% but other samples in the area were 14% or higher yesterday. West of town got heavy rains last night, East and southeast of town producers are hopeful to get in the field late this afternoon. Heavy rains reported North of Watonga yesterday evening.
Okarche/ Reeding/Kingfisher/Lomega- Test weights on early cuttings reported at 60 lbs. to 63 lbs. per bushel. Yields reported in the mid 40’s with some management intensive wheat reported to be making in the mid 50’s. Protein reported from 10.9% to 11.2%.
No reports on wheat taken in at locations further North than Lomega, on the Hwy 33 corridor. We did have one report of a producer who did some test cutting by Lahoma, but nothing was reported on those early cuttings. A couple producers out by Fairview were hoping to try later this afternoon.The Oklahoma Wheat Commission is calling harvest 5% complete as of today.
Below, see the 7-day forecast provided by the Oklahoma Mesonet.
NWS Days 1-2 Precipitation Forecast
The Days 1-2 Precipitation Forecast is produced by the National Weather Service’s Weather Prediction Center for June 9-11, 2025. See 2-Day Rainfall Accumulation (inches) measured by Oklahoma Mesonet. Please note several places in the Panhandle, Northern and North Central Oklahoma got larger amounts of moisture than what has been reported by the Mesonet over the past 2 days.
Severe Weather Potential Indications for Thursday and Friday this week!
Oklahoma wheat harvest has started in multiple locations with several locations reporting taking in wheat over this past weekend. While harvest is getting a week later start than usual in Southwest Oklahoma, it appears earlier maturing varieties are set for cutting if producers can get over the ground. All locations in this report are considered to just be getting a good start.
**Some test cutting began last week over Memorial Day weekend but nothing had been reported at elevator locations until this past weekend. It appears a wider region of the state will be ready all at once when producers can get into fields. Producers and elevator operators also have major concerns about the predicted moisture amounts for the coming week, starting tonight going through the overall week.
Early reports in all locations show test weights ranging from 58.5 lbs. to 64 lbs. per bushel, with a large amount in the early reports coming in at 60 lbs. or higher. Proteins on early reports ranging from 11.0% to 11.5%. Early yields being reported at 25 to 45 bushels per acre for the most part. Higher yields are predicted on intensively managed wheat with some smaller fields being reported in the mid 50’s. It should be noted several acres across the state in Southern Oklahoma that were predicted to be harvested will never see a combine.(We have had some early county reports showing ½ the wheat acreage was lost due to severe flooding and lodging. Several producers have also opted to cut down the crop for wheat hay in all areas of the state which is going to impact overall state yield.)
Southwest and Western Oklahoma
Grandfield/Devol/Chattanooga–Test weights on early cuttings reported at 58.5 lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel. Yields ranging from the mid 20’s to mid 40’s depending on location. Some reports on a smaller field that made in the low 50’s. Protein ranging from 11.0% to 11.5%.
Walters/Lawton–Test weights on early cuttings reported from 58.0 lbs. to 60.5 lbs. per bushel on limited cuttings. Yields ranging in the mid 20’s to mid 40’s. No protein reported on early cuttings.
Frederick/Davidson– Test weights on early cuttings reported from 58 lbs. to 63 lbs. per bushel. Yields on early cuttings are decent with reports in the mid 30’s to mid 40’s. Early proteins reported at 11.0% to 11.2%.
Brinkman/Altus/Lone Wolf– First load of wheat was taken in at Brinkman on Saturday, and Altus and Lone Wolf received grain yesterday. Test weights on early loads ranging from 62 lbs. to 64 lbs. per bushel. No yields or protein was reported on early cuttings.
Apache-No wheat has been taken at this location as of early this morning.
Cordell- No wheat has been taken at this location as of early this morning.
Central Oklahoma
Greenfield- One truck load was taken in over the weekend at 12.8 moisture. Test weight was 60 lbs. per bushel. Another 40 acre field was reported to be completed making a little over 50 bushels per acre. No protein reported on early cuttings.
Okarche/Kingfisher/Lomega- Test weights on early cuttings reported at 60 lbs. to 63 lbs. per bushel. Yields reported in the mid 40’s with some management intensive wheat reported to be making in the mid 50’s. No protein reported on early cuttings.
Below, see the 7-day forecast provided by the Oklahoma Mesonet and the 5-day precipitation forecast along with Monday and Tuesday storm potentials.
NWS Days 1-5 Precipitation Forecast
The Days 1-5 Precipitation Forecast is produced by the National Weather Service’s Weather Prediction Center
Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist
The first hollow stem stage indicates the beginning of stem elongation or just before the jointing stage. It is a good indicator of when producers should remove cattle from wheat pasture. This occurs when there is 1.5 cm (5/8”, or the diameter of a dime) of hollow stem below the developing grain head (see full explanation).
The latest FHS results from OSU forage trials in Stillwater (Table 1) and Chickasha (Table 2) are listed below. For an additional resource and wheat update on FHS, see the Mesonet First Hollow Stem Advisor.
OSU Small Grains Program monitors FHS occurrence on a twice-per-week basis
As in previous years, we will continue monitoring FHS occurrence in our wheat plots at Stillwater and Chickasha and share updates on this blog. In past years, our forage trials—where FHS samples are collected—were seeded early to simulate a grazed system, though forage was not removed. This method created an accelerated growth environment, allowing us to identify the earliest onset of FHS. Varieties that reach FHS earliest in these trials should be closely monitored in commercial fields.
This year, we are introducing a new approach by simulating grazing with a mower in the forage trial in Stillwater. This will allow us to compare whether varieties reach FHS at different times when grazed versus non-grazed. We hypothesize that the simulated grazing treatment will likely delay FHS relative to the non-grazed treatment, with FHS differences among varieties becoming less pronounced. We also hypothesize that the amount of delay will vary among varieties, such that an early-FHS variety in the non-grazed environment may appear more intermediate in its FHS arrival with canopy removal. This comparison will provide insight into how canopy removal from grazing impacts the timing of reproductive development.
The latest FHS results for each variety planted in our forage trials at Stillwater and Chickasha are summarized below (Tables 1 and 2). Most varieties are still well below the 1.5 cm FHS threshold.
Table 1. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Stillwater. Plots were planted on 10/11/24, with one section left unclipped and the other clipped to simulate grazing. The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red. For the simulated grazing, plots were mowed on January 3rd, 15th, 28th and on February 10th at a 2.5-3” cutting height, with the frequency representing a light grazing treatment.
Table 2. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Chickasha. Plots were planted on 10/02/24, with all sections left unclipped (i.e., not grazed). The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red.
Contact your local Extension office and us if you have questions.
Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist
The first hollow stem stage indicates the beginning of stem elongation or just before the jointing stage. It is a good indicator of when producers should remove cattle from wheat pasture. This occurs when there is 1.5 cm (5/8”, or the diameter of a dime) of hollow stem below the developing grain head (see full explanation).
The latest FHS results from OSU forage trials in Stillwater (Table 1) and Chickasha (Table 2) are listed below. For an additional resource and wheat update on FHS, see the Mesonet First Hollow Stem Advisor.
OSU Small Grains Program monitors FHS occurrence on a twice-per-week basis
As in previous years, we will continue monitoring FHS occurrence in our wheat plots at Stillwater and Chickasha and share updates on this blog. In past years, our forage trials—where FHS samples are collected—were seeded early to simulate a grazed system, though forage was not removed. This method created an accelerated growth environment, allowing us to identify the earliest onset of FHS. Varieties that reach FHS earliest in these trials should be closely monitored in commercial fields.
This year, we are introducing a new approach by simulating grazing with a mower in the forage trial in Stillwater. This will allow us to compare whether varieties reach FHS at different times when grazed versus non-grazed. We hypothesize that the simulated grazing treatment will likely delay FHS relative to the non-grazed treatment, with FHS differences among varieties becoming less pronounced. We also hypothesize that the amount of delay will vary among varieties, such that an early-FHS variety in the non-grazed environment may appear more intermediate in its FHS arrival with canopy removal. This comparison will provide insight into how canopy removal from grazing impacts the timing of reproductive development.
The latest FHS results for each variety planted in our forage trials at Stillwater and Chickasha are summarized below (Tables 1 and 2). Most varieties are still well below the 1.5 cm FHS threshold.
Table 1. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Stillwater. Plots were planted on 10/11/24, with one section left unclipped and the other clipped to simulate grazing. The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red. For the simulated grazing, plots were mowed on January 3rd, 15th, 28th and on February 10th at a 2.5-3” cutting height, with the frequency representing a light grazing treatment.
Table 2. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Chickasha. Plots were planted on 10/02/24, with all sections left unclipped (i.e., not grazed). The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red.
Contact your local Extension office and us if you have questions.
Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist
The first hollow stem stage indicates the beginning of stem elongation or just before the jointing stage. It is a good indicator of when producers should remove cattle from wheat pasture. This occurs when there is 1.5 cm (5/8”, or the diameter of a dime) of hollow stem below the developing grain head (see full explanation).
OSU Small Grains Program monitors FHS occurrence on a twice-per-week basis
As in previous years, we will continue monitoring FHS occurrence in our wheat plots at Stillwater and Chickasha and share updates on this blog. In past years, our forage trials—where FHS samples are collected—were seeded early to simulate a grazed system, though forage was not removed. This method created an accelerated growth environment, allowing us to identify the earliest onset of FHS. Varieties that reach FHS earliest in these trials should be closely monitored in commercial fields.
This year, we are introducing a new approach by simulating grazing with a mower in the forage trial in Stillwater. This will allow us to compare whether varieties reach FHS at different times when grazed versus non-grazed. We hypothesize that the simulated grazing treatment will likely delay FHS relative to the non-grazed treatment, with FHS differences among varieties becoming less pronounced. We also hypothesize that the amount of delay will vary among varieties, such that an early-FHS variety in the non-grazed environment may appear more intermediate in its FHS arrival with canopy removal. This comparison will provide insight into how canopy removal from grazing impacts the timing of reproductive development.
The latest FHS results for each variety planted in our forage trials at Stillwater and Chickasha are summarized below (Tables 1 and 2). Most varieties are still well below the 1.5 cm FHS threshold.
Table 1. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Stillwater. Plots were planted on 10/11/24, with one section left unclipped and the other clipped to simulate grazing. The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red. For the simulated grazing, plots were mowed on January 3rd, 15th, and 28th at a 2.5-3” cutting height, with the frequency representing a light grazing treatment.
Table 2. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Chickasha. Plots were planted on 10/02/24, with all sections left unclipped (i.e., not grazed). The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red.
Contact your local Extension office and us if you have questions.
Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist
Oklahoma’s wheat planting season was heavily impacted by severe drought. The season was essentially divided into two main rain events that impacted crop growth. Dual-purpose producers who planted before September 22 established good stands in early fall. Warm temperatures promoted rapid growth, but the crop began to decline as drought conditions intensified (Figure 1).
The next significant rain event occurred about a month later, almost past the optimal wheat planting window in some areas. With rain in the forecast for late October, many farmers chose to “dust in” their wheat ahead of the rain, while others opted to wait.
In early November, wheat-growing regions across Oklahoma received between 1 and nearly 8 inches of rain, while the Panhandle saw up to 20 inches of snow from November 5–9 (Figure 2). These events quickly shifted conditions from extreme drought to flooding. Although November temperatures were above average (~53°F), seeds remained in cool, wet soils for weeks, leading to slow or failed germination. Some areas experienced standing water and soil crusting, causing plant losses. As a result, wheat stands across the state vary widely, with some fields establishing well while others remain highly uneven, contributing to overall low fall forage production.
For grain-only wheat sown in late fall, stands are just now closing in some areas. Though still small, the crop appears to be growing well.
Figure 1. Consecutive days with less than 0.25” rainfall as of October 29, 2024.
Figure 2. Four-day rainfall accumulation from November 2 to 6th, 2024.
Yield loss for grazing past first hollow
For the producers with available pasture for spring grazing, preserving some leaf tissue after grazing will be important for future grain crop. Ideally, at least 60% canopy coverage (as measured by the Canopeo app) should remain to support crop recovery after grazing (PSS-2170). Extending grazing for an additional two week past first hollow stem (FHS)—particularly under conditions unfavorable for plant regrowth and canopy recovery—could reduce wheat yield by approximately 60% of its potential (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Grazing past first hollow stem has been shown to reduce grain yield by as much as five percent per day or as little as one percent per day. This figure shows the anticipated yield loss for grazing past first hollow stem given favorable (solid line), unfavorable (dashed line) and average (dotted line) conditions for wheat regrowth following grazing termination (PSS-2147).
The first hollow stem stage as an indicator for cattle removal from wheat pasture
The first hollow stem stage indicates the beginning of stem elongation or just before the jointing stage. It is a good indicator of when producers should remove cattle from wheat pasture. This occurs when there is 1.5 cm (5/8”, or the diameter of a dime) of hollow stem below the developing grain head (Figure 4). This is the optimal period because it gives enough time for the crop to recover from grazing and rebuild the canopy. Also, the added cattle weight gains associated with grazing past the FHS are not enough to offset the value of the potential reduced grain yield (1-5% every day past FHS) (Figure 3). The wheat variety, severity of grazing, time when cattle are removed, and weather conditions after cattle removal determine how much grain yield potential might be reduced.
Figure 4. The first hollow stem growth stage is reached when there is 1.5 cm of hollow stem (about the diameter of a dime) below the grain head.
Methods for scouting for FHS
Check for FHS in a non-grazed area of the same variety and planting date. Variety can affect FHS date by as much as three weeks, and planting date can affect it even more.
Dig or pull up a few plants, split the largest tiller longitudinally (lengthways), and measure the amount of hollow stem present below the developing grain head. Plant tissue must be removed below the soil surface, because the developing grain head may still be below the soil surface.
If there is 1.5 cm (~5/8″) of hollow stem present, it is time to remove cattle. 1.5 cm is about the same as the diameter of a dime (see picture below).
Find detailed information on FHS and grazing by clicking here.
OSU Small Grains Program monitors FHS occurrence on a twice-per-week basis
As in previous years, we will continue monitoring FHS occurrence in our wheat plots at Stillwater and Chickasha and share updates on this blog. In past years, our forage trials—where FHS samples are collected—were seeded early to simulate a grazed system, though forage was not removed. This method created an accelerated growth environment, allowing us to identify the earliest onset of FHS. Varieties that reach FHS earliest in these trials should be closely monitored in commercial fields.
This year, we are introducing a new approach by simulating grazing with a mower in the forage trial in Stillwater. This will allow us to compare whether varieties reach FHS at different times when grazed versus non-grazed. We hypothesize that the simulated grazing treatment will likely delay FHS relative to the non-grazed treatment, with FHS differences among varieties becoming less pronounced. We also hypothesize that the amount of delay will vary among varieties, such that an early-FHS variety in the non-grazed environment may appear more intermediate in its FHS arrival with canopy removal. This comparison will provide insight into how canopy removal from grazing impacts the timing of reproductive development.
The latest FHS results for each variety planted in our forage trials at Stillwater and Chickasha are summarized below (Tables 1 and 2). Most varieties are still well below the 1.5 cm FHS threshold. However, if moisture and warmer conditions develop in the coming weeks, values could increase quickly.
Table 1. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Stillwater. Plots were planted on 10/11/24, with one section left unclipped and the other clipped to simulate grazing. The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red. For the simulated grazing, plots were mowed on January 3rd, 15th, and 28th at a 2.5-3” cutting height, with the frequency representing a light grazing treatment.
Table 2. First Hollow Stem (FHS) results for each wheat variety collected at Chickasha. Plots were planted on 10/02/24, with all sections left unclipped (i.e., not grazed). The FHS threshold is 1.5 cm (5/8″ or approximately the diameter of a dime). Reported values represent the average of ten measurements per variety. Varieties that exceed the threshold are highlighted in red.
Contact your local Extension office and us if you have questions.
Amanda de Oliveira Silva, Small Grains Extension Specialist and Ashleigh Faris, Cropping Systems Extension Entomologist
Wheat planting in Oklahoma is off to a slow start due to extremely dry conditions, with only 32% of wheat planted as of October 7 (according to the USDA Crop Progress Report).
For most of Oklahoma, the optimal time to plant dual-purpose wheat is between September 10-20 (approximately day 260 in Figure 1). This period represents a balance between achieving good forage production and minimizing the risk of grain yield loss. Planting earlier can provide more fall forage potential but is usually only recommended if wheat is intended for grazing or “grazeout.” If you are planting wheat just for grain, you could wait at least 2-3 weeks after the dual-purpose planting window, which puts the best time for planting around mid-October (approximately day 285 in Figure 1) in many parts of the state. We have been evaluating how delayed wheat planting affects wheat yields, and it appears there might be more flexibility in the planting window than previously thought. I will be sharing more details about this research in an upcoming post!
Figure 1. Forage and grain yield potential in relation to the day of the year. Every 1,000 kg/ha is equal to approximately 900 lb/acre or 15 bu/acre. Ideal planting dates for dual-purpose wheat in Oklahoma are mid-September (i.e., approximately day 260). Planting for grain-only should occur at least 2-3 weeks after dual-purpose planting (i.e., mid-October or approximately day 285).
Rainfall on September 22 helped some fields in north-central, northwest, and Panhandle areas, and wheat that was planted before then has now emerged and looks good, though more rain would certainly help (Figure 2). In the fields we planted in Panhandle and northwest, we found moisture at about 1.5 inches deep, but the drought is holding us back in other parts of the state.
Figure 2. Wheat field planted before the September 22 rain event. Photo taken on October 8, 2024, near Goltry, OK by Josh Bushong.
For fields where wheat was planted before the September rain, we are receiving reports of fall armyworms. They have been especially active in north-central Oklahoma over the past week. We recommend checking your fields daily after wheat emerges. The worms are small and hard to spot, but you may notice symptoms like “window pane” feeding on the leaves (Figure 3). Also, check under crop residue where they might be hiding from the heat (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Symptom of “window paned” leaves shows severe feeding from the fall armyworm. Photo taken on October 2, 2019, at Canadian County by Amanda Silva.
Figure 4. Fall armyworms may be found under crop residue during the day. Photo taken on October 2, 2019 at Canadian County by Amanda Silva.
Below is some information regarding monitoring and management of fall armyworms. Typically, fall armyworm population spikes are due to increases in precipitation in summer months. Fall armyworms are identifiable due to the light colored, inverted “Y” on their head (Figure 5). They are generally light tan to light green caterpillars that have a brownish-black head (may appear orangish). For more on the biology of the insect and its identification, check out the EPP-23-21 e-Pest Alert from this past summer.
Figure 5. Image of fall armyworm with two common features used to differentiate it from other caterpillar pests. Image: Corteva Agriscience.
Fall armyworm larvae will begin to consume vegetation in the early instars (1-3) but often this damage goes unnoticed because of the small amount consumed. As fall armyworms enter the later instars (4-6) the rate of consumption increases, and damage is more noticeable. The reason for rapid crop loss at this stage is caterpillars do most of their feeding (80-90%) in the final two instars. Fall armyworms cause damage by defoliating leaves and cutting seedlings at the surface level. Small larvae, unable to completely chew through the leaf, will often feed on vegetation by scraping it, lending to a windowpane appearance (as mentioned above, Figure 3).
Recommendations
Begin scouting for fall armyworms as soon as wheat emerges, particularly in the morning hours at the edges of wheat fields that share borders with pasture or road ditches. Look closely for signs of windowpaned leaves and the fall armyworms themselves. Treat if three to four larvae are found per foot of row AND feeding damage is evident. The early instars are more susceptible to insecticides so early detection is important for providing effective chemical control. While pyrethroid-based insecticides are low-cost, they are often ineffective when populations of fall armyworms are high. Instead, consider mixing a pyrethroid with another product that has chlorantraniliprole or diflubenzuron as an active ingredient which have a longer residual. Chlorantraniliprole products offer the advantage of being rainfast as well as protection against bigger fall armyworms. Products with diflubenzuron have a long residual but do not work well on larger worms. The good news is first frost will help knockback fall armyworm populations, until then producers are encouraged to have fall armyworm scouting as part of their daily routine and to be on the ready to spray when threshold is met.
We will not get relief from fall armyworms until we get a killing frost, so keep vigilant!
Reach out to us and contact your county Extension office for more information.
Oklahoma wheat harvest made good progress in most regions over the weekend. Rain showers in parts of the Panhandle region delayed harvest on dryland production, but producers are hopeful to get moving again later today or tomorrow. Some light showers in other parts of Western Oklahoma and Southern Oklahoma delayed producers in some parts, but for the most part it did not hinder combines from rolling over the weekend in those areas. Elevator locations reporting a lot of movement in all areas. Harvest still moving from the Oklahoma/Texas border to the Oklahoma/Kansas border, with larger percentages completed in Southwest, Western and Central Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Wheat Commission is calling wheat harvest for the state 55% complete.
Southwest and Western Oklahoma
Grandfield/Chattanooga/Lawton-Producers made great progress in the area over the weekend after heavy rains early last week delayed harvest. Test weight has dropped slightly in all regions with some weights now coming in at 57lbs. to 59lbs. per bushel. (A large portion of this region was harvested before the heavy rains, so this area will still be looking at above 60 plus test weights for the harvest season.) Yields are still favorable ranging from the low 40’s to low 50’s. Protein averages being reported from 10.5% to 12%, with overall average at 11.0% to 11.2%. These locations reporting 85%-90%complete.
Altus/Roosevelt/Lone Wolf/Hobart-A large amount of progress was made in these areas over the weekend. Test weights have dropped slightly this week but still holding a 60 plus average for the entire region. Yields reported as ranging from the low 40’s to mid 50’s. Some higher intensively managed wheat making in the low 60’s to low 70’s. Proteins in the region ranging from 9% to 14%. Protein average for the region coming in at 11.5%. These locations are reported at 70% complete.
Sentinel/Rocky-A large amount of the area was cut out over the weekend in this region. Test weights are still holding up ranging from 60lbs. to 62lbs. per bushel for the most part. Yields ranging from the mid 40’s to mid 50’s. Some highly intensive managed production have reports of some fields making in the 70’s. Proteins in this area are averaging 11.5% to 12%. These locations are reporting 60% complete
Central Oklahoma
El Reno- Producers made a great deal of progress in this region over the weekend. Yields in the region ranging from the mid 40’s to the mid 50’s for the most part. Test weights averaging 60 lbs. per bushel and above. Proteins varying across the board from 9% to 13%. More higher than lower proteins reported for the region calling the average 11.5% to 12%. This location is reported at 70% complete.
Reeding/Kingfisher/Omega/Okeene- Test weights ranging from 60 lbs. to 62 lbs. per bushel, as they have dropped slightly with the rains but overall are holding up. Yields ranging from mid 40’s to low 50’s for the most part. Some higher yields have been noted in low to mid 60’s on fields with some pushing 70 on wheat that was intensively managed. Protein ranging from 9% to 13.5%. Right now it is looking like an 11.0% to 11.2% average for the region. Harvest in the Kingfisher and Reeding locations reported at 60 to 65% complete. Harvest in the Omega and Okeene regions reported at 30 to 40% complete.
Northern Oklahoma
Kremlin/Hunter/Lamont- Harvest had good movement over the weekend in this region. Test weights ranging from 60lbs. to 62 lbs. per bushel. Yields ranging in the low 40’s to low 50’s on early cuttings. Fields with high management intensive systems being reported with yields as high as 70 bushels per acre.Early reports on protein showing an 11.5% to 12% average. These locations reported at 25 percent complete.
Tonkawa/Blackwell/Ponca City-Harvest had good movement over the weekend in this region. Test weights have been favorable at 60lbs. per bushel and above. Yields being reported in the mid 40’s to mid 50’s for the most part. Protein being reported at 11.5% to 13.5%. These locations reported at 20 percent complete.
Burlington-A lot of movement took place in this area over the weekend. Test weights are ranging from 59lbs. to 62lbs. per bushel depending on variety. Most test weights are still 60lbs. per bushel and above. Yields in the region are ranging from the low 40’s to mid 50’s for the most part. Fields that struggled due to lack of rain earlier had been abandoned so those numbers are not reported in this report. Proteins being reported at 11.2% to 11.5% This location is reported at 30% to 40% complete.
Camargo/Shattuck/Fort Supply- Producers also got rolling in these areas over the weekend. Much of this region had extreme drought conditions although the wheat in the Camargo area is reported to be doing better as they had more moisture over the season. Test weights reported at 61 lbs. per bushel and above. Yields being reported at 25 bushels per acre for the most part, but down by Camargo some higher yields around 40 bushels per acre have been reported. Proteins averaging 11% to 11.2%. These locations are reported at 10% complete.
Panhandle of Oklahoma
Turpin/Baker/Hooker- Rains in these regions delayed harvest over the weekend on dryland production. It is thought producers might start getting into irrigated wheat by the end of this week. Dryland yields being reported from high 20’s to mid 40’s depending on rainfall and management practices. Test weights ranging from 60 lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel. Proteins ranging from 12.5% to 13%. These locations reported at 10% complete.
Northeast Oklahoma
Afton/Miami- Harvest made a good start in the region beginning on last Thursday. Yields on the Hard Red Winter (HRW) reported at 60 to 70 bushels per acre. Yields on the Soft Red Winter (SRW) reported at 70 to 90 bushels per acre. Test weights ranging from 58 lbs. to 60 lbs. per bushel, with some higher test weights being reported as they get into better wheat. No proteins reported for the wheat in this area. In this region 40% of the production will be HRW and 60% will be SRW wheat. These locations reported at 30% complete.
Wheat Classes And What They Are Used For
Hard Red Winter (HRW) – A versatile wheat with excellent milling and baking characteristics for pan bread. Hard Red Winter wheat is also a choice for Asian noodles, hard rolls, flat breads, general purpose flour and cereal.
Soft Red Winter (SRW)– A versatile, weak-gluten wheat with excellent milling and baking characteristics suited for cookies, crackers, pretzels, pastries and flat breads.
General Report. At the time of reporting today, test weights were ranging from 58 to 64 lbs. per bushel for the most part. Most test weights are now ranging from 60lbs. to 61 lbs. per bushel across the state. Proteins ranging from 9% to 13.5%, with an overall average of proteins being at 11.8% as of today. Yields being reported at 40 to 50 bushels per acre in most regions. Higher yields being reported on intensively managed wheat with some yields on a few fields being reported in the mid 60’s to low 70’s. The Oklahoma Wheat Commission is calling the state 55% complete with harvest. The next Oklahoma Wheat Commission Harvest report will be published on Thursday, June 13, 2024.
Below, see the 7-day forecast provided by the Oklahoma Mesonet. No storm alert advisories for the week were published at the time of this report.
Oklahoma wheat harvest made good strides the last few days in parts of Southwest, Oklahoma. Producers as far North in the Okarche and Reeding area were also able to start earlier in the week before rains delayed progress on Wednesday morning. Samples and small cuttings were taken in at Greenfield. Cooler temperatures made for a late start in a lot of areas yesterday. High humidity, cloudy weather, with fog and mist today have hindered anything being cut this morning. Predicted rains late this afternoon/evening and over the weekend will likely stall progress over the Memorial Day weekend. Wheat being taken in at all locations show favorable yields and quality.
Devol/Grandfield/Chattanooga- This area has taken in a lot of wheat over the past 5 to 7 days, with approximately 15 percent of the crop harvested. Yields are ranging from the low 20’s to high 40’s for the most part. Heavily grazed wheat having the lower yields. It has been noted some intensively managed fields have been yielding 50, with a few yields in the lower 70’s being reported. Test weights ranging from 60lbs. to 65lbs. per bushel. Protein averages being reported from 10.5% to 12%, with the overall average being around 11.0% to 11.2%.
Frederick- Great strides have been made in this area until cooler temperatures and higher humidities yesterday. Yields being reported from as low as 25 to as high as 50 bushels per acre depending on management and whether or not it was grazed. Test weights reported from 60lbs. to 63lbs. per bushel. Protein average at 10.5%
Altus/Lone Wolf- Yields in this region mainly ranging from 35 to 40 bushels per acre. A couple of intensively managed fields making above 60 bushels per acre being reported. Test weights ranging from 60 lbs. to 64 lbs. per bushel. Harvest just getting a good start at these locations so no protein reports being made at this time. (Test cuttings and samples have been taken in at Hobart, Gotebo, Roosevelt, Sentinel, Rocky, Dill City and Cordell, but no actual reports being made until harvest starts in these regions.)
Greenfield-Early test weights being reported on one field making 58.5 lbs. per bushel. Protein was reported at 13%, no yields reported.
Okarche-Early cuttings reporting yields from 40 to 45 bushels per acre. Test weights reported at 61 lbs. to 62 lbs. per bushel. Protein reports on early cuttings coming in at 13.5%
Reeding- Early cuttings on a couple fields in this region had reports of yields making 45 to 50 bushels per acre. Test weights ranging from 60lbs. to 62lbs. per bushel. No proteins being reported on the early cuttings.
Early reports in all locations show test weights ranging from 60 to 65 lbs. per bushel. Proteins ranging from 10.5% to 13.5%, with an overall average of proteins being reported at 11.0% to 11.2%. The wheat being harvested in Southwest Oklahoma has not been stressed as much, so it is thought proteins will get higher as harvest progresses North where we have drought stress. Early yields being reported at 40 to 45 bushels per acre in most regions. Higher yields being reported on intensively managed wheat with some yields on a few fields being reported in the mid 60’s to low 70’s. The regions where this is being reported is considered the bright spot of the state for growing conditions this year. The state has received a large amount of hail damage in South Central, Southwest, and Northern, Oklahoma over the past two weeks. Producers are hoping future predicted storms for tonight and over the weekend subside. The next harvest report to be published will be Tuesday, May 28th. In honor of all the Veterans and Active Service members the Oklahoma Wheat Commission wants to wish everyone a Happy Memorial Day weekend!
Below, see the 6-10 day precipitation and storm potential outlook provided by the Oklahoma Mesonet.
WORLD OF WHEAT 